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Special Offer: HCM, HCR, GSD4, PKD, PRA, PK-Def., SMA, Blood Groups
Test number: 8350
Price: £ 84.95 (including VAT) for all 8 tests
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All 8 tests for just £84.00
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1 ) HCM 1 (Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy)
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The Disease |
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HCM 1 (Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy) Mutation Meurs A31P
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a clinically heterogeneous myocardial disease and is the most common cardiac disease identified in domestic cats.
HCM is characterised by an increased left ventricular mass due to an increase in wall thickness of the heart, with papillary muscle hypertrophy and systolic anterior motion of the Mitral valves. Subsequently, hypertrophy of the left heart chamber results in cardiac weakness and ultimately in heart failure.
Death by HCM can occur via three mechanisms:
(i) sudden cardiac death with arrhythmia and ventricular fibrillation,
(ii) heart failure with tachycardia, increased respiration, shortness of breath, pulmonary oedema and pleural effusion or
(iii) thrombus formation. Thrombi can form either in the left atrium due to abnormal blood
circulation or in the heart chamber itself due to severe hypertrophy and cardiac weakness.
Atrial thrombi can brake free and reach the arterial blood circuit, thereby often causing blood congestion at the branching of pelvic and crural arteries with paralysis of the hind legs. Echocardiographic examination has so far been the only diagnostic tool for this disease. However, it can only identify affected cats with some years of age, when they already present first symptoms of HCM. |
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Description |
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DNA test
By DNA testing the mutation can be shown directly. The testing is carried out by state of the art
laboratory methods and therefore provides a very high accuracy. In general DNA tests can be done at
any age.
The test can be applied to Maine Coon and Maine Coon related cats, which were cross bred to Maine
Coons. With this test we can diagnose the reported mutation, but by no means we can report on the
presence/absence of the disease (especially in breeds where the correlation of HCM disease and the
cited mutation is not proven). The results that are transmitted contain the information on
presence/absence of the G to C mutation in the MYBPC gene exon 3 in the sample of the cat
examined. We want to point out that there is still a small possibility of other mutations causing HCM
which are not identified so far.
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Trait of Inheritance |
HCM is inherited as a single autosomal dominant condition. Heterozygous animals show all clinical
signs of disease and can not live normal lives. They are able to propagate mutations throughout the
population. Generally, 50% of a HCM positive cats offspring will inherit HCM. Homozygously
affected animals for HCM show more severe clinical symptoms and will pass the defect gene onto all
of their offspring.
Recently, a mutation in the MYBPC gene which is suggested to cause HCM in cats was found by Dr.
Kathryn Meurs (Washington State University, USA). This mutation was found in most HCM affected
cats but not in cats which were tested free by means of echocardiographic techniques. In our
laboratory, we were also able to identify this mutation in european cats with HCM.
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Inheritance : AUTOSOMAL
DOMINANT
trait
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2 ) HCM (Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy HCM3/HCR)
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The Disease |
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a clinically heterogeneous myocardial disease and is the most
common cardiac disease identified in domestic cats. HCM is characterised by an increased left
ventricular mass due to an increase in wall thickness of the heart, with papillary muscle hypertrophy
and systolic anterior motion of the Mitral valves. Subsequently, hypertrophy of the left heart chamber
results in cardiac weakness and ultimately in heart failure.
Death by HCM can occur via three mechanisms: (i) sudden cardiac death with arrhythmia and ventricular fibrillation, (ii) heart failure with tachycardia, increased respiration, shortness of breath, pulmonary oedema and pleural effusion or (iii) thrombus formation. Thrombi can form either in the
left atrium due to abnormal blood circulation or in the heart chamber itself due to severe hypertrophy and cardiac weakness. Atrial thrombi can brake free and reach the arterial blood circuit, thereby often causing blood congestion at the branching of pelvic and crural arteries with paralysis of the hind legs.
Echocardiographic examination has so far been the only diagnostic tool for this disease. However,
it can only identify affected cats with some years of age, when they already present first symptoms
of HCM.
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Description |
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By DNA testing the mutation can be shown directly. The testing is carried out by state of the art
laboratory methods and therefore provides a very high accuracy. In general DNA tests can be done at any age.
The test can be applied to Ragdoll cats. With this test we can diagnose the reported mutation, but by no means we can report on the presence/absence of the disease (especially in breeds where the correlation of HCM disease and the cited mutation is not proven).
The results that are transmitted contain the information on presence/absence of the mutation in the MYBPC3 gene, in the sample of the cat examined. We want to point out that there is still a small possibility of other mutations causing HCM which are not identified so far.
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Trait of Inheritance |
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HCM is inherited as a single autosomal dominant condition. Heterozygous animals can show clinical signs of disease and can not live normal lives. They are able to propagate mutations throughout the population. Generally, 50% of a HCM positive cats’ offspring will inherit HCM. Homozygously affected animals for HCM show more severe clinical symptoms and will pass
the defect gene onto all of their offspring.
Recently, a mutation in the MYBPC3 gene which is suggested to cause HCM in Ragdoll cats was
found by Dr. Kathryn Meurs (Washington State University, USA). This mutation was found in most
HCM affected Ragdolls but not in cats which were tested free by means of echocardiographic
techniques. In our laboratory, we were also able to identify this mutation in european Ragdoll cats with HCM.
In Ragdolls the mutation which is suggested to cause HCM is like in Maine coons in the MYBPC3-
gene but in a different domain. The mutations in the two unrelated breeds presumably occurred
independently.
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Inheritance : AUTOSOMAL
DOMINANT
trait
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3 ) Glycogen Storage Disease ( GSD ) Type IV
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Update 25/11/2011 price of Glycogen Storage Disease ( GSD ) Type IV in Norwegian Forest Cats has been reduced to £49.95 (VAT included)
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Breed
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Norwegian Forest Cat
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The Disease |
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Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV) of the Norwegian forest cat is an
inherited abnormality of glucose metabolism. Normally, excess glucose is stored in
many tissues as glycogen. If energy is needed, glucose molecules are removed from
glycogen. The ability to add and remove glucose molecules from glycogen efficiently
is dependent on its highly branched structure. The glycogen branching enzyme
(GBE) is an enzyme of glycogen synthesis necessary to produce the branching
structure.
Deficiency of GBE activity leads to abnormal glycogen accumulation in myocytes,
hepatocytes, and neurones, causing variably progressive, benign to lethal organ
dysfunctions.
Most affected kittens die at or soon after bird, presumably due to hypoglycemia.
Survivors of the perinatal period appear clinically normal until onset of progressive
neuromuscular degeneration at 5 month of age.
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Description |
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By DNA testing, the responsible mutation can be shown directly. This method
provides a very high accuracy test and can be done at any age. It offers the
possibility to distinguish not only between affected and clear cats, but also to identify
clinically healthy carriers. This is an essential information for controlling the disease
in the breed, as carriers are able to spread the disease in the population, but can not
be identified by means of common laboratory diagnostic.
To ensure maximum test reliability, the test is always performed in two independent
test runs per sample.
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Trait of Inheritance |
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The mutation and inheritance
The mutation in the GBE1 gene which has been suggested to cause GSD-IV has
recently been published by the group of John C. Fyfe at the University of Michigan,
USA.
GSD IV is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. So there are three conditions a
cat can be: it can be clear or homozygous normal (genotype N/N) meaning that it
does not carry the mutation and will not develop GSD IV. Since it also cannot pass
the mutation onto its offspring, it can be mated to any other cat.
A cat which has one copy of the GBE1 gene with the mutation and one copy without
the mutation is called a carrier or heterozygous (genotype N/GSD-IV); while it will not
be affected by GSD IV, it can pass the mutation onto its offspring and should
therefore only be mated to clear cats.
Affected kitten have two GBE1 gene copies with the mutation (genotype GSDIV/
GSD-IV or homozygous affected); they will always pass the mutated gene onto
their offspring.
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Inheritance : AUTOSOMAL
RECESSIVE
trait
Sire
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Dam
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Offspring
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clear
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clear
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100% clear
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clear
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carrier
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50% clear + 50%
carriers
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clear
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affected
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100% carriers
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carrier
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clear
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50% clear + 50%
carriers
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carrier
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carrier
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25% clear + 25% affected
+ 50% carriers
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carrier
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affected
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50% carriers + 50%
affected
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affected
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clear
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100% carriers
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affected
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carrier
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50% carriers + 50%
affected
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affected
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affected
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100% affected
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Clear
Genotype: N / N [ Homozygous normal ]
The cat is noncarrier of the mutant gene.
It is very unlikely that the cat will develop Glycogen Storage Disease ( GSD ) Type IV. The cat will never pass the mutation to its offspring, and therefore it can be bred to any other cat.
Carrier
Genotype: N / GSDIV [ Heterozygous ]
The cat carries one copy of the mutant gene and one
copy of the normal gene.
It is very unlikely that the cat will develop Glycogen Storage Disease ( GSD ) Type IV but since it carries the mutant gene, it can pass it on to its offspring with the probability of 50%. Carriers should only be bred to clear cats. Avoid breeding carrier to carrier because 25% of their offspring is expected to be affected (see table above)
Affected
Genotype: GSDIV / GSDIV [ Homozygous mutant ]
The cat carries two copies of the mutant gene and
therefore it will pass the mutant gene to its entire offspring.
The cat is likely to develop Glycogen Storage Disease ( GSD ) Type IV and will pass the mutant gene to its entire offspring
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Turnaround |
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2-3 weeks
We will run this test 2 independant times on your sample to ensure that the result is 100% accurate
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4 ) PKD (Feline Polycystic Kidney Disease)
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Breeds
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Turkish Angora
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British Shorthair (BSH)
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Birman (Sacred cat of Burma)
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British Longhair (BLH)
,
Chartreux
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Colourpoint
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Exotic Shorthair
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Persian
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Persian Ragdoll
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Persian Related
,
Ragdoll
,
Ragdoll Related
,
Russian Blue
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Scottish Fold Longhair
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Scottish Fold Shorthair
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Selkirk Rex Longhair
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Selkirk Rex Shorthair
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The Disease |
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Feline polycystic kidney disease is an inherited disease in Persian and Persian related cats. Approximately 38 % of Persian cats world-wide are positive for PKD, which is 6% of cats in total, making it the most prominent inherited feline disease. PKD causes the formation of hepatic and renal cysts as well as of fluid-filled renal cysts, often leading to renal failure.
Cystic kidneys can sporadically occur in any population of cats, but early onset and bilateral presentation is a hallmark to the hereditary form. The kidney cysts for PKD are present early, generally before 12 months, but renal failure generally occurs at a later time, thus it is considered a late onset renal disease. The presence of cystic kidneys can be determined by 6 to 8 months of age by ultrasonic techniques and affection diagnosis is generally certain by one to two years. Average age for renal dysfunction, not failure, is 7 years for cats with PKD. Thus, with out imaging techniques, cats would go undiagnosed for PKD for many years. Clinical signs are non specific but common to cats experiencing renal dysfunction, including depression, anorexia, reduced appetite, polyuria, polydypsia, and weight loss.
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Description |
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PKD - the mutation
Recently, the mutation which is suggested to cause PKD in cats was found by Dr. Leslie Lyons (University of Davis, USA). This mutation was found in all PKD affected cats but not in cats which were tested free by means of ultrasonic techniques.
PKD - the DNA test
By DNA testing the mutation can be shown directly. The testing is carried out by state of the art laboratory methods and therefore provides a very high accuracy. In general DNA tests can be done at any age.
The test can be applied to Persian and Persian related cats, which were cross bred to Persians. With this test we can diagnose the reported mutation, but by no means we can report on the presence/absence of the disease (especially in breeds where the correlation of PKD disease and the cited mutation is not proven). The results that are transmitted contain the information on presence/absence of the C to A mutation in the PKD 1 gene exon 29 in the sample of the cat examined. We want to point out that there is still a small possibility of other mutations causing PKD which are not identified so far.
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Trait of Inheritance |
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PKD is inherited as a single autosomal dominant condition. Heterozygous animals show all clinical signs of disease and can not live normal lives. They are able to propagate mutations throughout the population. Generally, 50% of a PKD positive cats' offspring will inherit PKD.
Homozygous affected animals for PKD have not been found suggesting that the mutation in its homozygous form is embryonically lethal.
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Inheritance : AUTOSOMAL
DOMINANT
trait
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5 ) Progressive Retinal Atrophy ( rdAc - PRA )
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Breeds
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Abyssinian
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American Curl Longhair
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American Curl Shorthair
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American Wirehair
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Balinese
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Bengal (Leopard cat)
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Colorpoint Shorthair
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Cornish Rex
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Javanese
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Munchkin
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Ocicat
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Oriental Shorthair (OSH)
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Peterbald
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Seychellois
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Siamese
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Singapura
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Somali
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Thai
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Tonkinese
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The Disease |
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The late onset photoreceptor degeneration rdAC-PRA is affecting Abyssinian and Somali cats. This genetic disorder causes the degeneration of retinal cells in the eye: In the early stage of the disease rod cells are affected, later degeneration of the cone cells results in complete blindness of the cat.
Affected cats have normal vision at birth. The age of onset of clinical symptoms is typically at the age of 1.5-2 years. At the end stage of disease complete photoreceptor degeneration and blindness is observed, usually at the age of 3-5 years.
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Description |
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By DNA testing, the responsible mutation can be shown directly. This method provides a very high accuracy test and can be done at any age. It offers the possibility to distinguish not only between affected and clear cats, but also to identify clinically healthy carriers. This is an essential information for controlling the disease in the breed, as carriers are able to spread the disease in the population, but can not be identified by means of common laboratory diagnostic.
To ensure maximum test reliability, the test is always performed in two independent test runs per sample.
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Trait of Inheritance |
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The mutation in the CEP290 gene which has been suggested to cause rdAc-PRA has recently been published by the group of Kristina Narfström at the University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia. rdAc-PRA is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. So there are three conditions a cat can be: it can be clear (genotype N/N or homozygous normal) meaning that it does not carry the mutation and will not develop the rdAc-form of PRA. Since it also cannot pass the mutation onto its offspring, it can be mated to any other cat.
A cat which has one copy of the CEP290 gene with the mutation and one copy without the mutation is called a carrier or heterozygous (genotype N/PRA); while it will not be affected by rdAc-PRA, it can pass the mutation onto its offspring and should therefore only be mated to clear cat.
Cats that develop this form of PRA have two CEP290 gene copies with the mutation (genotype PRA/PRA or homozygous affected); they will always pass the mutated gene onto their offspring and should also be mated only to clear cat.
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Inheritance : AUTOSOMAL
RECESSIVE
trait
Sire
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Dam
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Offspring
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clear
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clear
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100% clear
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clear
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carrier
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50% clear + 50%
carriers
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clear
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affected
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100% carriers
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carrier
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clear
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50% clear + 50%
carriers
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carrier
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carrier
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25% clear + 25% affected
+ 50% carriers
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carrier
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affected
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50% carriers + 50%
affected
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affected
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clear
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100% carriers
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affected
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carrier
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50% carriers + 50%
affected
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affected
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affected
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100% affected
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Clear
Genotype: N / N [ Homozygous normal ]
The cat is noncarrier of the mutant gene.
It is very unlikely that the cat will develop Progressive Retinal Atrophy ( rdAc - PRA ). The cat will never pass the mutation to its offspring, and therefore it can be bred to any other cat.
Carrier
Genotype: N / rdAc-PRA [ Heterozygous ]
The cat carries one copy of the mutant gene and one
copy of the normal gene.
It is very unlikely that the cat will develop Progressive Retinal Atrophy ( rdAc - PRA ) but since it carries the mutant gene, it can pass it on to its offspring with the probability of 50%. Carriers should only be bred to clear cats. Avoid breeding carrier to carrier because 25% of their offspring is expected to be affected (see table above)
Affected
Genotype: rdAc-PRA / rdAc-PRA [ Homozygous mutant ]
The cat carries two copies of the mutant gene and
therefore it will pass the mutant gene to its entire offspring.
The cat is likely to develop Progressive Retinal Atrophy ( rdAc - PRA ) and will pass the mutant gene to its entire offspring
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Turnaround |
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1-2 weeks
We will run this test 2 independant times on your sample to ensure that the result is 100% accurate
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6 ) PK Deficiency (Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency)
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Breeds
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Abyssinian
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Bengal (Leopard cat)
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Domestic Longhair
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Domestic Shorthair
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Egyptian Mau
,
LaPerm Longhair
,
LaPerm Shorthair
,
Maine Coon
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Norwegian Forest Cat
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Ocicat
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Savannah
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Siberian
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Singapura
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Somali
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The Disease |
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Pyruvate kinase (PK) is an enzyme critical to the anaerobic glycolytic pathway of energy production in the erythrocyte. If erythrocytes are deficient in PK they are unable to sustain normal cell metabolism and hence are destroyed prematurely. This deficiency manifests as an hemolytic anemia of variable severity with a strong regenerative response.
In cats, PK deficiency has been described in Abyssinian and Somali cats. The feline disease differs from the canine disease in that affected cats can have a normal life span, only intermittently have anemia, and do not seem to develop either osteosclerosis or liver failure.
The clinical signs of disease reflect the anemic status of the animal and include exercise intolerance, weakness, heart murmur and splenomegaly.
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Description |
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PK - The Mutation-based Test and its Advantages
The genetic defect leading to the disease has been identified. By DNA testing the responsible mutation can be shown directly. This method provides a very high accuracy test and can be done at any age. It offers the possibility to distinguish not only between affected and clear dogs, but also to identify clinically healthy carriers. This is an essential information for controlling the disease in the breed as carriers are able to spread the disease in the population, but can not be identified by means of common laboratory diagnostic.
If a particularly valuable animal turns out to be a carrier, it can be bred to a non-affected animal, and non-carrier puppies can be saved for the next round of breeding.
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Trait of Inheritance |
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PK is inherited as an autosomal recessive condition. Heterozygotes (carriers) do not have any clinical signs of disease and live normal lives. They are able to propagate mutations throughout the population however and it is therefore important that carrier animals are detected prior to breeding.
PK deficiency can be detected, using molecular genetic testing techniques. These tests identify both affected and carrier animals. It is also possible to identify animals deficient in PK activity through enzyme analysis in those breeds where a molecular genetic test is not available.
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Inheritance : AUTOSOMAL
RECESSIVE
trait
Sire
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Dam
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Offspring
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clear
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clear
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100% clear
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clear
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carrier
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50% clear + 50%
carriers
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clear
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affected
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100% carriers
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carrier
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clear
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50% clear + 50%
carriers
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carrier
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carrier
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25% clear + 25% affected
+ 50% carriers
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carrier
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affected
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50% carriers + 50%
affected
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affected
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clear
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100% carriers
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affected
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carrier
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50% carriers + 50%
affected
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affected
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affected
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100% affected
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Clear
Genotype: N / N [ Homozygous normal ]
The cat is noncarrier of the mutant gene.
It is very unlikely that the cat will develop PK Deficiency (Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency). The cat will never pass the mutation to its offspring, and therefore it can be bred to any other cat.
Carrier
Genotype: N / PK [ Heterozygous ]
The cat carries one copy of the mutant gene and one
copy of the normal gene.
It is very unlikely that the cat will develop PK Deficiency (Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency) but since it carries the mutant gene, it can pass it on to its offspring with the probability of 50%. Carriers should only be bred to clear cats. Avoid breeding carrier to carrier because 25% of their offspring is expected to be affected (see table above)
Affected
Genotype: PK / PK [ Homozygous mutant ]
The cat carries two copies of the mutant gene and
therefore it will pass the mutant gene to its entire offspring.
The cat is likely to develop PK Deficiency (Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency) and will pass the mutant gene to its entire offspring
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7 ) SMA (Spinal Muscular Atrophy )
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The Disease |
SMA is a disorder caused by death of spinal cord neurons that activate skeletal muscles of the trunk and limbs. Loss of neurons in the first few months of life leads to muscle weakness and atrophy that first becomes apparent at 3-4 months of age.
Affected kittens develop an odd gait with a sway of the hindquarters and stand with the hocks nearly touching. They may also stand with toes out in the front.
By 5-6 months of age they are too weak in the hindquarters to readily jump up on furniture and often have a clumsy landing when jumping down. The long hair Maine Coon cats may hide it, but careful feeling of the limbs will reveal reduced muscle mass. |
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Description |
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By DNA testing, the responsible mutation can be shown directly. This method provides a test with a very high accuracy and can be done at any age. It offers the possibility to distinguish not only between affected and clear cats, but also to identify clinically healthy carriers. This is an essential information for controlling the disease in the breed, as carriers are able to spread the disease in the population, but can not be identified by means of common laboratory diagnostic.
To ensure maximum test reliability, the test is always performed in two independent test runs per sample.
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Trait of Inheritance |
SMA is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. So there are three conditions a cat can be: it can be clear or homozygous normal (genotype N/N) meaning that it does not carry the mutation and will not develop SMA. Since it also cannot pass the mutation onto its offspring, it can be mated to any other cat.
A cat which has one copy of the gene with the mutation and one copy without the mutation is called a carrier or heterozygous (genotype N/SMA); while it will not be affected by SMA, it can pass the mutation onto its offspring and should therefore only be mated to clear cats.
Affected kitten have two gene copies with the mutation (genotype SMA/SMA or homozygous affected); they will always pass the mutated gene onto their offspring. |
Inheritance : AUTOSOMAL
RECESSIVE
trait
Sire
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Dam
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Offspring
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clear
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clear
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100% clear
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clear
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carrier
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50% clear + 50%
carriers
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clear
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|
affected
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|
100% carriers
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| |
|
|
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|
carrier
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clear
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|
50% clear + 50%
carriers
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| |
|
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|
carrier
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|
carrier
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25% clear + 25% affected
+ 50% carriers
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|
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carrier
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|
affected
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50% carriers + 50%
affected
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| |
|
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|
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affected
|
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clear
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|
100% carriers
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| |
|
|
|
|
|
affected
|
|
carrier
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50% carriers + 50%
affected
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| |
|
|
|
|
|
affected
|
|
affected
|
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100% affected
|
Clear
Genotype: N / N [ Homozygous normal ]
The cat is noncarrier of the mutant gene.
It is very unlikely that the cat will develop SMA (Spinal Muscular Atrophy ). The cat will never pass the mutation to its offspring, and therefore it can be bred to any other cat.
Carrier
Genotype: N / SMA [ Heterozygous ]
The cat carries one copy of the mutant gene and one
copy of the normal gene.
It is very unlikely that the cat will develop SMA (Spinal Muscular Atrophy ) but since it carries the mutant gene, it can pass it on to its offspring with the probability of 50%. Carriers should only be bred to clear cats. Avoid breeding carrier to carrier because 25% of their offspring is expected to be affected (see table above)
Affected
Genotype: SMA / SMA [ Homozygous mutant ]
The cat carries two copies of the mutant gene and
therefore it will pass the mutant gene to its entire offspring.
The cat is likely to develop SMA (Spinal Muscular Atrophy ) and will pass the mutant gene to its entire offspring
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8 ) Genetic Blood groups in cats
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update September 2019: LABOKLIN holds the patent for the new improved test, which:
- is validated for all cat breeds except Domestic Shorthair, and
- can now check for more 'b' allele variants than ever before including the b3 which was identified by researchers at Laboklin, and
- can check for the 'c' allele which is resposnible for the AB serotyp, and
- only available at Laboklin
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The Disease |
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The AB system is the major blood group system in domestic cats. The common blood
types are A and B. Cats with bloodtype B have anti-A antibodies at a high titer and
cats with blood type A have anti-B antibodies at a low titer. Cats with the rare AB
blood type do not have anti-A or anti-B antibodies. These natural antibodies can leed to bloodgroup incompatibility that can be lethal. The condition is known as Neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI), first symptoms are dyspnea, vomiting and agitation.
A recent study at Laboklin identified a number of new variants involved in determining the different blood groups in cats. Our Genetic Blood Group DNA test has now been updated with the new variants and as a result we can now screen all cat breeds except Domestic Shorthair for genetic blood groups. The updated test can detect the 'b' mutation which is reposnible for blood group 'B' more accurately than before and in more breeds, and the 'c' mutation which is repsonsible for blood group 'AB' in Ragdoll and Bengal can now be detected.
The test is valid for all cat breeds except: Domestic Shorthair.
The new improved test is more comperhensive than any other commercially available tests.
Neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI): Neonatal isoerythrolysis occurs when kitten with blood group A or AB (also known as C) are born to a queen with blood type B. A-type and AB-type kittens absorb the anti-A antibodies from the breast milk. The hemolytic disease that ensues can be lethal.
This incompatibility reaction, especially important for breeders, is neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI). Neonatal isoerythrolysis in cats, also called fading kitten syndrome, is a dissolution of the red blood cells.
Only new born cats with blood groups A or AB (also known as C) whose mother has blood group B are affected by NI. In pedigree catteries, neonatal isoerythrolysis may occur in first-born and multiparous queens with blood group B, if they are mated to toms having blood groups A or AB (also known as C).
The kittens, with blood group A and AB (also known as C), which were born healthy, however, take up the mother's antibodies with the colostrum. These bind to the erythrocytes, which are then destroyed. Anaemia, excretion of protein in the urine and jaundice are the consequences, so that the kittens usually die within the first week of life. In some cases, the intestinal barrier is already closed at the time of birth, so that the absorption of the immunoglobulins by the kitten is prevented. Therefore, some theoretically at-risk kittens may not develop neonatal isoerythrolysis. Thus, not all kittens with blood groups A and C whose mother is type B develop NI.
Good to know Blood type B kittens whose mothers have blood group A do not develop NI. This is due to the low anti-B antibody titre in blood group A queens.
As a rule, new born kittens with clinical symptoms cannot be treated successfully. However, neonatal isoerythrolysis can be prevented by determining the blood groups of possible breeding partners in advance and avoiding mating between queens with blood group B and toms with types groups A or AB (also known as C). However, if such mating does occur, the kittens with blood groups A or AB (also known as C) should be separated from their type B mother immediately after birth and should be hand-fed for the first 24-48 hours to prevent them from ingesting colostrum containing high levels of anti-A antibodies, which can cause NI. After this period, the intestinal barrier will be closed and kittens can safely return to the queen and nurse as usual.
For the genetic blood group determination, Laboklin requires either an EDTA blood sample (0.5 - 1 ml) or 2 cheek swabs. The sample run time after sample arrival is approx. 3-5 working days. |
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Description |
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The differences between blood types is determined by the activity of cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH). CMAH is only active in type A erythrocytes and either absent or non-functional in type B red blood cells. This inactivity is caused by different mutations in the CMAH gene.
The original mutation which is causative for blood type B was found by Leslie A. Lyons research team and allows for correctly identifying 86 % of all type B cats which still left 14 % of serological type B cats misidentified, especially Ragdolls and Turkish Angora cats.
Our own research shows that additional screening for two other novel mutations correctly identifies 99% of all type B cats. By determining just these two novel variants all type A and B Ragdolls were identified correctly. These two mutations were also found to be causative for blood type B in Turkish Angora, Neva Masquerade, Scottish Fold as well as Domestic Shorthair cats
Leslie A. Lyons research team found another variant in CMAH which is responsible for blood type C (AB) in Ragdolls. We found that this specific mutation is not exclusively found in Ragdolls even though it is rare in other breeds. Type C Bengal cats could also be correctly identified by this mutation and it was also found in British Shorthairs, Maine Coons and Scottish Fold cats.
Since 2017 we practice a genotyping scheme with four variants, three of those to identify blood type B cats correctly and one additional to include the most common variant for blood type C.
The test now detects three genetic variants for the 'b' allele (268T>A, 179G>T, 1322delT) and one variant for the 'c' allele (364C>T).
The 3 'b' variants are also known as b1, b2, and b3.
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Price
for the above 8 tests
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£ 84.95 (including VAT)
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| See also: |
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